Phenol (C6H5OH) ni kristu idafite ibara ifite impumuro yihariye. Ikora nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gukora resins zimwe na zimwe, imiti yica bagiteri, imiti irinda ubushyuhe, n'imiti (nka aspirine). Ishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu kwica udukoko mu bikoresho byo kubaga, kuvura imyanda, gukaraba uruhu, kugabanya uburyaryate, no kuvura otitis media. Phenol ifite aho ishongera ho gushonga ho 43°C kandi ishongera gato mu mazi ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba ariko yoroshye gushonga mu bintu bishongesha mu binyabutabire. Iyo ubushyuhe burenze 65°C, ivangwa n'amazi mu rugero urwo arirwo rwose. Phenol irangirika kandi itera kwangirika kwa poroteyine iyo ikozeho. Ibisubizo bya phenol bihuye n'uruhu bishobora gukaraba na alcool. Igice gito cya phenol ihuye n'umwuka ihinduka quinone, igahinduka umutuku. Ihinduka umuhengeri iyo ihuye na ferric ions, ikintu gikunze gukoreshwa mu gupima phenol.
Amateka yo kuvumbura
Phenol yavumbuwe mu ifumbire y'amakara mu 1834 n'umuhanga mu bya shimi w'Umudage Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, bityo izwi kandi nka aside karuboliki. Phenol yamenyekanye cyane bwa mbere bitewe n'umuganga w'Umwongereza uzwi cyane Joseph Lister. Lister yabonye ko impfu nyinshi nyuma yo kubagwa zaterwaga n'indwara z'ibikomere no kurema amashyira. Ku bw'amahirwe, yakoresheje umuti wa phenol uvanze mu gutera ibikoresho byo kubaga no mu ntoki ze, ibyo bikaba byaragabanyije cyane indwara z'abarwayi. Ubu buvumbuzi bwagaragaje ko phenol ari umuti ukomeye wo kubaga wica udukoko, bituma Lister ahabwa izina rya "Se w'Ubuvuzi Burwanya Indwara."
Imiterere y'ibinyabutabire
Fenoli ishobora kwinjiza ubushuhe mu kirere ikabuhindura ubushyuhe. Ifite impumuro yihariye, kandi igabanya ubushyuhe cyane, iraryoshye. Irangiza cyane kandi irakora imiti. Ikorana na aldehydes na ketones kugira ngo ikore phenolic resins na bisphenol A, hamwe na aside asetiki cyangwa aside salicylic kugira ngo ikore phenyl acetate na salicylate esters. Ishobora kandi kunyura muri halogenation, hydrogenation, oxidation, alkylation, carboxylation, esterification, na etherification.
Mu bushyuhe busanzwe, phenol iba ikomeye kandi ntishobora guhita ihura na sodium. Iyo fenol ishyushye ngo ishonge mbere yo kongeramo sodium mu igerageza, igabanuka byoroshye, kandi ibara ryayo rihinduka iyo ishyushye, bigira ingaruka ku musaruro w'igerageza. Mu kwigisha, hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo kugira ngo hagerwe ku musaruro ushimishije w'igerageza mu buryo bworoshye kandi bunoze. Mu igerageza, hongerwamo mL 2–3 za ether ya anhydrous, hagakurikiraho igice cya sodium icyuma kingana n'amashaza. Nyuma yo gukuraho peteroli yo hejuru ukoresheje urupapuro ruyungurura, sodium ishyirwa muri ether, aho idahura. Kongeramo ingano nto ya fenol no kunyeganyeza umuyoboro bituma sodium ihura vuba, igatanga gazi nyinshi. Ihame riri inyuma y'iri gerageza ni uko fenol ishonga muri ether, bigatuma ihura na sodium.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-20-2026